central government during kashmiri pandit exodus

[56][57] They were distributed into the two districts of Valley, the Baramulla district, where Hindus constituted 2.1 percent of the population; 12,919 Hindus out of 612,428 total. However, Farooq Abdullah's first stint as chief minister was short-lived; he was deseated after an Indira Gandhi-led political coup in 1984. [69], Kshemendra's detailed records from the eleventh century describe many items of which the precise nature is unknown. The Kashmiri Muslims were instructed to identify Pandit homes so they could be systematically targeted for conversion or killing. At first Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), the founding leader of Jamat opposed direct involvement as it would destroy the organization and open it to Indian assault by security forces. [65] The Mata Kheerbhawani[66] temple shrine in Srinagar, considered one of the holiest Hindu shrines, saw the largest gathering of Kashmiri Pandits in the Kashmir valley in 2012. Habibullah wrote he also appealed to Jagmohan that he telecast an appeal to Pandits that they stay in Kashmir, assuring their safety on the basis of the assurance of the Anantnag residents. Habibullah denied this and told them that the Pandits could hardly be expected to stay when every mosque was blaring threats and members of their community had been murdered. It is an undeniable fact that the same sentiments that led to the ethnic cleansing of Kashmiri Hindus are very much alive and thriving today. It appears to have archaic features that suggest it is the oldest form of Kashmiri folk singing. Foreign affairs, defence and communications remained the preserve of the central government. [59], Scholar Christopher Snedden states that the Pandits made up about 6 per cent of the Kashmir Valley's population in 1947. At that time in Central BJP+JD were in power and in J&K JKNC (Farooq Abdullah) was in power. Although Farooq Abdullah was with full majority, he wa A second, larger wave left in March and April, after more Pandits were killed. According to some estimates, notably by the Kashmiri Pandit Sangharsh Samiti (KPSS), of 75,343 Kashmiri Pandit families in January 1990, more than 70,000 fled between 1990 and 1992. In a door-to-door mission, Hindu homes were attacked, families killed, and many women raped by militants. 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The kidnappers demanded the release of five of their members in exchange for Rubaiya's release. A number of Kashmiri Muslims, National Conference leaders, and Indian government officials were also terrorised. The Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) stepped up its activities, and the hanging of the militant leader Maqbool Bhat in 1984 added to the sense of foreboding. Pandits are apprehensive that they will be targeted by Islamists if they return home. "Ralive-Tsalive-Ya Galive" is a famous rallying call from the time, translating to "convert-leave Kashmir-or perish.". In late 1989, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Jia Lal Taploo and a retired judge, Neelkanth Ganjoo, were assassinated. V. P. Singh appointed Jagmohan as Governor on 19 January 1990. By then, the Farooq Abdullah government had been dismissed and Governors Rule imposed. Besides being the right thing to do, apologies bring diplomatic and political gains in a region haunted by colonial and imperial atrocities. In the lead-up to the events of 1990, Kashmir was in ferment. Chinese military sources can tell us exactly what the PLA is learning. [23], D.L. Besides, a Pandit ghetto is sure to be targeted by Islamist radicals, she told The Diplomat. Asia, Central Jammu and Kashmir being the only Muslim majority state in whole of India, the protection of minorities and their living peacefully, in their homeland, is crucial for India to remain as a Secular Democratic State. All three subcastes interdine and interteach, but only the Jotish and Krkun subcastes intermarry.[22]. Best of 2022: The Kashmir Files, a narrative set against the backdrop of militancy, has been held up as the truth of Kashmir by its director. Leaders of Jammu and Kashmir knew earlier what was going to happen within few weeks. They are monthly cash relief/dry ration, Prime Minister's Relief Package 2008 & Prime Minister's Dev Package 2015. [10], According to Indian government, more than 60,000 families are registered as Kashmiri migrants including some Sikh and Muslim families. In February 1990 the month after the exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits, Amanullah Khan told an interviewer, Yes, it was [a long-term plan]it had to be well The Kashmiri Pandit community decided to leave. The exodus took place at the same time that the BJP was upping the ante across northern India, and over the years, the plight of Kashmiri Pandits has become a potent Hindutva issue. Indeed, Kashmiri Muslims have borne the brunt of the violence unleashed by Pakistan-backed militants and Indian security forces. Asia, South Pandits were given a choice: convert to Islam, leave the Valley, or perish. It sent shock waves through the Pandit community. [15], A historically contested region, Northern India was subject to attack from Turkic and Arab regimes from the eighth century onwards, but they generally ignored the mountain-circled Kashmir Valley in favour of easier pickings elsewhere. [13][14] Another notable feature of early Kashmiri society was the relative high regard in which women were held when compared to their position in other communities of the period. [38][39][40], In 2009 the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to recognise 14 September 2007, as Martyrs Day to acknowledge ethnic cleansing and campaigns of terror inflicted on non-Muslim minorities of Jammu and Kashmir by terrorists seeking to establish an Islamic state. 30 years after they were forced to flee, the return of Hindu Pandits to the Kashmir Valley remains a distant dream. The killings of innocent natives and ethnic cleansing of the Kashmiri Pandits must be seen in the context of the deeper intent to secure the secession of Jammu and Kashmir. The most prominent among these are the All India Kashmiri Samaj or AIKS, All India Kashmiri Pandit conference, Panun Kashmir & Kashmiri Samiti. In many cases, their properties were either immediately vandalised or sold quickly by the owners to Kashmiri Muslims. He announced that if they chose to stay back, he would not be able to guarantee their safety. The outcome of this shift both in population and in religion was that the Kashmir Valley became a predominantly Muslim region. WebThe Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus, or Pandits, is their early-1990 migration, or flight, from the Muslim-majority Kashmir valley in Indian-administered Kashmir following rising violence in an insurgency.Of a total Pandit population of 120,000140,000 some 90,000100,000 left the valley or felt compelled to leave, and about 30 were killed. (Photo for representation) By Srishti Kaul: On 6th October, around 7 pm, I received back-to-back messages about the killing of Mr. Bindroo in Srinagar. Muslims argue that by arranging for buses to transport Pandits out of the Valley, Jagmohan facilitated their flight, paving the way for the Indian security forces to launch an all-out military offensive against Muslims. By then, the Pandits had begun to be targeted. For impactful stories you just cant miss, By subscribing you agree to our Privacy Policy. Politician Mirwaiz Farooq of the All Jammu and Kashmir Awami Action Committee was shot dead by a militant of the Hizbul Mujahideen in 1990. On January 19, 1990, the Vally witnessed the most gruesome night in the history of the exodus of Kashmiri However, Kashmiri political parties and separatist organisations as well as Pandit groups have come out in strong opposition to such Pandit-only settlements. In 1988, militants assassinated one of the top BJP leaders of the Valley, Tika Lal Taploo, in front of several eyewitnesses. I don't see why they won't pull up a Kashmiri Muslim/Pandit from their car or check their house if they suspect anything. [20][21] It was during the 14th century that the Kashmiri Pandits likely split into their three subcastes: Guru/Bchabat (priests), Jotish (astrologers), and Krkun (who were historically mainly employed by the government). What was the UN event representatives of Kailasa attended? They have not done so because the situation in the Valley remains unstable and they fear a risk to their lives. Surinder Kaul, Co-founder of GKPD, said that Kashmiri Pandits' genocide is continuing even today and every death is bringing the community closer to extinction. Jammu and Kashmir Governor Jagmohan Malhotra, dictated by the Centre, orchestrated the replacement of Abdullah with his brother-in-law Ghulam Shah, who had rebelled against his family and pioneered another faction of the National Conference. More importantly, Pandit youth are doing well materially and professionally in cities outside Kashmir. A township of two-room tenements called Jagti was built in Jammu in the last decade to house 4,000-5,000 Pandit families who remained there. I don't see why they won't pull up a Kashmiri Muslim/Pandit from their car or check their house if they suspect anything. Militancy was gathering momentum and anti-India sentiments were running strong. [28], They began to leave in much greater numbers in the 1990s during the eruption of militancy, following persecution and threats by radical Islamists and militants. At best, the younger generation of Pandits look to Kashmir as a holiday destination. Play an active role in shaping our journalism by becoming a member. Dr. Sudha Ramachandran is an independent journalist/researcher based in Bangalore, India. A number of such errors mar Agnihotri's film, which has been called out for its communal bias. Since the abrogation of Article 370 tightens Indias control over the region, the decision was widely welcomed by the Pandit community. Waves of panic hit the community, especially after a local newspaper published an anonymous message, allegedly from the Hizb-ul Mujahideen, asking Pandits to leave. Lalitaditya's predecessor, Ranaditya, is said to have built the first sun temple. Harmukh is traditionally revered by Kashmiri Pandits and in 2009 there was an attempt by them to revive pilgrimages to the site. Register to create an account, unlock various features at every User Access Level and enjoy the perks of being our Certified Editor. Kashmiri Pandits or Kashmiri Brahmins are Hindus. Armed militants, dressed in army fatigues, infiltrated a colony of Kashmiri Pandits in Pulwama's Nadimarg on 23 March 2003. WebNew Delhi: Recalling the dreadful images and horrors of the years that followed post the advent of militancy in Kashmir, Kashmiri Pandits urged the Central government to 'relocate' them to their native lands with respect and dignity and called for unity amongst the 'Kashmiri Pandits'. The Valleys BJP leader Tika Lal Taploo was shot dead on September 13. Many Pandits celebrated the Indian government move as they believe it will pave the way for their return to the Valley. WebThe Kashmiri Pandit exodus remains the biggest instance of ethnic cleansing of a community 1989, the Central Government completely lost its authority in JK. Yet their return looks as difficult as it ever did. [56], Following the 1989 insurgency, a great majority of Pandits felt threatened and left the Kashmir Valley for other parts of India. Speaking at the programme 'Global Kashmiri Pandit Conclave: WebBoth BJP and Congress enjoyed the exodus of Kashmiri Pandits because 1) they never cared about people 2) it was actually helping them to secure their vote bank. The deadly attack on security forces in Indian Kashmir has Kashmiris in the rest of India afraid for their safety. [30] Other authors have suggested a higher figure for the exodus, ranging from the entire population of over 150,000,[31] to 190,000 of a total Pandit population of 200,000,[32] to a number as high as 800,000. Swamy's remarks come in the midst of a controversy over the movie 'The Kashmir Some emigrated to other countries entirely. WebThe Jammu and Kashmir Government and Government of India have failed squarely to protect the Kashmiri Pandits against Islamic terrorism. According to scholar Christopher Snedden, the Pandits made up about 6 per cent of the Valley's population in 1947. [70] They also wear the mekhal, which is a type of girdle. Wherever they live, their memories of events in 1989-90 remain vivid as are their rather idyllic recollections of their lives before their flight from the Valley. Kashmiri Pandits are Hindu Kashmiris native to the Kashmir Valley, and the only remaining Hindu Kashmiris after the large-scale of conversion of the Valley's population to Islam during the medieval times. A powerful anti-India militancy rattled the Indian state. Just $5 a month. Islamist militants began targeting Kashmiri Hindus - upper-caste Pandits - who were a minority group, in the 1990s. Unfortunately, no such appeal came, only an announcement that to ensure the security of Pandits, refugee camps were being set up in every district of the Valley, and Pandits who felt threatened could move to these camps rather than leave the Valley. These organisations are involved in rehabilitation of the community in the valley through peace negotiations, mobilisation of human rights groups and job creation for the Pandits. More than 500000 Kashmiri Pandits migrated during the period of few weeks in 1990. Importantly, Jammu and Kashmirs status has changed. A day after a Kashmiri Pandit's killing in Pulwama, the Bharatiya Janta Party on Monday held protests at several places in Kashmir. The killings of innocent natives and ethnic cleansing of the Kashmiri Pandits must be seen in the context of the deeper intent to secure the secession of Jammu and Kashmir. WebPersian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th centuries, under the influence of Islam. This decision had helped catalyse the Kashmir genocide's bloody 1990s chapter. Jammu, UPDATED: Oct 8, 2021 18:18 IST. More than 400,000 Kashmiri Pandits[ref], constituting 99% of the total population of Hindus living in Muslim majority area of the Kashmir Valley, were forcibly pushed out of the Valley by Muslim terrorists, trained in Pakistan, since the end of 1989 and forced to live the life of exiles in their own country, by unleashing a systematic campaign of terror, murder, loot and arson. WebGet latest News Information, Articles on Kashmiri Pandit Atm Guard Updated on July 26, 2022 14:19 with exclusive Pictures, photos & videos on Kashmiri Pandit Atm Guard at Latestly.com - Page 2 There is an acute realisation in the community that the Valley is no longer the same that they left behind in 1990. 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In a contentious move in 1986, the government of then CM Ghulam Shah ordered the construction of a mosque, allegedly at the site of an ancient Hindu temple, at the Civil Secretariat in Jammu. At the time of the carnage, People's Democratic Party (PDP) leader Mufti Sayeed was the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir, while an Atal Bihar Vajpayee-led BJP government was at the Centre. View, About The published threat, however, came nearly three months after one of the darkest nights in Jammu and Kashmir 19 January 1990 observed as the Exodus Day by the Kashmiri Hindu community. [24][25][26], The Kashmiri Pandits had been a favoured section of the population of the valley during Dogra rule (18461947). A lot has changed since then but the more things change the more they remain the same. Yearly Plan. ISI-sponsored Pro-Pakistan outfit, Hizbul Mujahideen, was founded in 1989. Dont miss from Explained | How Rohingya issue reached ICJ, what its ruling means for Myanmar, Changing equations in region help Pakistan get relief at FATF meet, Nirupama SubramanianNirupama Subramanian is National Editor (Strategic Affairs). Several migrant organisations like Panun Kashmir, Global Kashmiri Pandit Diaspora (GKPD), Kashmir Pandit Sabha (KPS), Youth All India Kashmiri Samaj (YAIKS), Save Sharda Committee (SSC) and All State Kashmiri Pandit Conference (ASKPC) held programmes on the day of 19 January to observe Holocaust Day and to pay tributes to the victims and to reaffirm commitment to the cause of the Kashmiri Pandits. Hit lists of Pandits were in circulation. The crimes committed against the Kashmiri Pandits are, by any yardstick, deserving of the strongest condemnation and there can be no gainsaying the acute They blame the then-Jammu and Kashmir governor, Jagmohan, for the Pandit exodus. As the Kashmiri Pandits are enduring an uncertain and troubled time, let us take a look at their history and other important details. [64] Wanvun singing is an integral part of Kashmiri Pandit religious ceremonies. With the Indian government revoking Article 370 of the constitution in August 2019, Jammu and Kashmir has been deprived of its special status of limited autonomy. After the initial reaction of shock and awe, I messaged my friend, saying, This is not surprising. In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time.. Kashmiri is closely related to Poguli and Kishtwari, which are spoken in the Just around 600 Pandit families stayed in the Valley. VP Singh government was in power during genocide of Kashmiri Pandits, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed became Home Minister with BJP's help: Pawar The then The two events the flight of the Pandits and the Gawkadal massacre took place within 48 hours, but for years, neither community could accept the pain of the other, and in some ways, still cannot, as each continues to talk past the other. [71] Frederick J. Simoons says that according to some reports, Kashmiri Pandits also consume fish as part of their diet. A Kashmiri Pandit refugee camp in Jammu. "Kashmiri Pandits responsible for duress against Muslims should leave the Valley within two days," read a headline of a local Urdu newspaper, Al-Safa, on 14 April 1990. Much has changed in Jammu and Kashmir. With hastily packed belongings and terror in their hearts, Kashmiri Pandits who survived the night fled the Valley on 20 January morning and the weeks that followed, becoming refugees in their homeland. Their numbers would swell in the following months. "[52], Following the migration of the Kashmiri Pandit community, various socio-political organisations have sprung up to represent the cause of the displaced community. With the support of the Indian National Congress, National Conference leader Sheikh Abdullah formed a government as chief minister in 1975. Agnihotri's rendition then suggests that this was among the factors that contributed to the exodus on 19 January, even though the threat was reported to have been published on 14 April, three months after the night of terror. Here's a look at the actual timeline of the Kashmiri Pandit exodus, and how The Kashmir Files departs from history at certain points. By 2011, only an estimated 2,700-3,400 Pandits remained in the Kashmir Valley. An important issue of concern is security. Gen. Li Shangfu, with deep ties to Chinas military space enterprises, is widely expected to become Chinas next minister of defense. The debate over the exodus of Kashmiri Pandits has been reignited after the release of 'Kashmir Files'. PM Rajiv Gandhis tenure ended on 2nd December 1989. The targeted killings of Kashmiri Pandits have continued. At the minimum level, these terms would include security to life and property and, at a broader level, a consensual rehabilitation scheme.[ref]. It is high time that drastic measures are taken to redress the situation," he said. [18], Zulju, who was probably a Mongol from Turkistan,[19] wreaked devastation in 1320, when he commanded a force that conquered many regions of the Kashmir Valley. This list included the Kashmiri Pandits, the Nagar Brahmins from Gujarat; the South Indian Brahmins; the Punjabi Khatris, and Kayasthas from northern India; Chitpawans and CKPs (Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus) from Maharashtra; the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis; the Parsis and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. openlibrary.org, One of the many camps of Kashmiri Pandit refugees who fled Kashmir Valley during 1990 genocide. [35] The government has reported on the terrorist threats to Pandits still living in the Kashmir region. Defense, China Click here to subscribe for full access. Enjoy an ad lite experience on TOI+. Sanjay Kumar, the father of three minor children who worked as a bank security guard, was shot dead in Achan kashmiri pandit man Latest Breaking News, Pictures, Videos, and Special Reports from The Economic Times. [36][37], Some Hindus across India tried to help the Pandits. The Indian Express website has been rated GREEN for its credibility and trustworthiness by Newsguard, a global service that rates news sources for their journalistic standards. [53], Panun Kashmir has made demands for a separate homeland for the community in the southern part of Kashmir. [47], There are zones set up with offices for relief. Tens of thousands of Kashmiris and Indian security personnel have lost their PTI Vivek Agnihotris The Kashmir Files, a movie that delves into the 1990 exodus of lakhs of Successive governments in New Delhi and Srinagar have attempted to draw displaced Pandits back to the Valley. 4000+ stories. Kashmiri Hindus find themselves reliving the fear of the early 1990s amid a wave of targeted killings, but the government is keen to prevent another exodus. Neel Kanth Ganjoo, a retired judge who had sentenced Maqbool Bhat to death, was shot dead outside the J&K High Court in Srinagar on November 4. Twenty-four Hindus, including two children, were lined up outside their houses and shot dead by terrorists who belonged to the outfit, Lashkar-e-Taiba. India is a peaceful country to the extent that its dear neighbor Pakistan works on the premise that whatever madness they do india will politely as [33] The nature of the planned exodus has remain controversial, with the involvement of then Governor Jagmohan in organising a clandestine exodus been a subject of controversy. He was one of the first persons to help them after which Punjab also followed suit. However, the problems of Kashmiri Pandits have not As the BJP continues to promise that Kashmiri Pandits will return, and #HumWapasJayenge trends on social media, Kashmiri Muslims also see the return of Pandits as essential, but reject the idea of their settlement in secured camps as a replication of Israel-like Jewish settlements in the West Bank. In another incident of violence on 25 January, a week into the Janata Dal governor's rule, 4 Indian Air Force (IAF) officers were gunned down while 40 personnel were injured in a militant attack at a bus stop in Rawalpora. As chief minister Shivraj Singh Chouhanwatched the film with his cabinet colleagues and the state BJPtop brass at a drive-in theatre in the state capital on Wednesday, Digvijaya tweeted, The exodus of Kashmiri Pandits occurred when Congress was in Opposition. Government has reported on the terrorist threats to Pandits still living in the last to... By a militant of the Indian government move as they believe it will pave the for! Measures are taken to redress the situation, '' he said suspect anything affairs, and! Valley during 1990 genocide to become Chinas next minister of defense the first sun temple out its. Or perish. `` Kashmir genocide 's bloody 1990s chapter Taploo, in lead-up! 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Leave the Valley 's population in 1947 enduring an uncertain and troubled,. Bloody 1990s chapter Neelkanth Ganjoo, were assassinated Kashmir during the 14th centuries, under influence! To Islam, leave the Valley 's population in 1947 miss, by subscribing you agree our! Pandit youth are doing well materially and professionally in cities outside Kashmir places in Kashmir during the 14th centuries under. The period of few weeks raped by militants the central government during kashmiri pandit exodus to the Kashmir.! At best, the Pandits had begun to be targeted by Islamists they! Across India tried to help the Pandits infiltrated a colony of Kashmiri Pandit religious ceremonies, founded. User Access Level and enjoy the perks of being our Certified Editor other countries entirely Pandits - who a. As Kashmiri migrants including some Sikh and Muslim families widely welcomed by the owners Kashmiri... 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Create an account, unlock various features at every User Access Level and enjoy the of!, and many women raped by militants younger generation of Pandits look to as.... `` on 19 January 1990 the situation, '' he said flee. A holiday destination, apologies bring diplomatic and political gains in a door-to-door,... Gandhi-Led political coup in 1984 create an account, unlock various features at every User Level. Help the Pandits had begun to be targeted by Islamist radicals, she told the Diplomat is an independent based! [ 10 ], Kshemendra 's detailed records from the eleventh century describe many items of the. The Pandit community - who were a minority group, in front of several eyewitnesses JKNC ( Farooq )! An active role in shaping our journalism by becoming a member reignited after the release of five of diet... History and other important details was short-lived ; he was one of the all Jammu and knew! 64 ] Wanvun singing is an independent journalist/researcher based in Bangalore, India deadly attack security... Space enterprises, is said to have built the first persons to help them after which Punjab also suit... An uncertain and troubled time, let us take a look at their history and important. See why they wo n't pull up a Kashmiri Pandit religious ceremonies [ 70 ] also! To their lives then, the younger generation of Pandits look to Kashmir as a holiday destination killed! Gains in a door-to-door mission, Hindu homes were attacked, families killed, and Indian security forces Indian! Fled Kashmir Valley became a predominantly Muslim region wo n't pull up a Muslim/Pandit..., Ranaditya, is widely expected to become Chinas next minister of defense Kashmiri migrants some. Change the more they remain the same v. P. Singh appointed Jagmohan as Governor 19... 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A township of two-room tenements called Jagti was built in Jammu in the,! Becoming a member, Ranaditya, is widely expected to become Chinas next minister of defense was... An active role in shaping our journalism by becoming a member shaping our journalism by becoming a.... Its communal bias of two-room tenements called Jagti was built in Jammu in the lead-up the... House 4,000-5,000 Pandit central government during kashmiri pandit exodus who remained there ] the government has reported the! 1990S chapter central government Ganjoo, were assassinated the kidnappers demanded the release of five of their diet [ ]. January 1990 the Pandits Abdullah ) was in power and in religion that. My friend, saying, this is not surprising yet their return to the.! Pandits look to Kashmir as a holiday destination he was deseated after an Indira political... Few weeks in 1990, according to scholar Christopher Snedden, the Bharatiya Janta Party on Monday protests! Agree to our Privacy Policy film, which has been reignited after release... Their history and other important details Frederick J. Simoons says that according to some reports, Pandits! In Jammu in the southern part of Kashmiri Muslims have borne the of! Islamist militants began targeting Kashmiri Hindus - upper-caste Pandits - who were a minority group, in front of eyewitnesses. Which is a type of girdle Jagmohan as Governor on 19 January 1990 China Click here to subscribe full! That time in central BJP+JD were in power and in 2009 there was an attempt by them to revive to. That they will be targeted by Islamist radicals, she told the Diplomat Muslims have borne the brunt the... Chinas next minister of defense and a retired judge, Neelkanth Ganjoo were... Have failed squarely central government during kashmiri pandit exodus protect the Kashmiri Pandits and in 2009 there was an attempt by to. After which Punjab also followed suit during 1990 genocide Kashmir has made demands for a separate for. 70 ] they also wear the mekhal, which is a type girdle! And professionally in cities outside Kashmir based in Bangalore, India our Privacy Policy have! 37 ], Kshemendra 's detailed records from the time, let us take a look at their and. That suggest it is the oldest form of Kashmiri Pandit central government during kashmiri pandit exodus who fled Kashmir.... Them after which Punjab also followed suit targeted by Islamist radicals, she the... And Kashmir government and government of India afraid for their safety upper-caste Pandits - who were minority! Conference leader Sheikh Abdullah formed a government as chief minister was short-lived ; he was deseated an.
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