buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia

253p. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) The first example of Buddhism's adaptability to its cultural environment is in India itself. Political turmoil and the revival of Buddhism in Cambodia [Japanese] Southeast Asian studies. An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution. of plates Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Tannenbaum, Nicola (1995), Who can compete against the world? (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series no.207) 87-90 Hamilton Asia BQ408 .B83 2001, Cohen, Paul T.(2000), Lue across borders: pilgrimage and the Muang Sing reliquary in northern Laos, In: Evans, Grant; Hutton, Chris; Kuah, Khun Eng, eds. 1999 104-112 Hamilton Asia PL493 .I58 1997, Quinn, Charles Underhill (Translated) (1970) The cross and the Bo-tree; Catholics and Buddhists in Vietnam. 380p. Rithisen : Khmer Buddhist Research Center, Hamilton Asia DS 554.8 .B826 1986, Keyes, Charles F. (1994), Communist revolution and the Buddhist past in Cambodia In: Keyes, Charles F.; Kendall, Laurel; Hardacre, Helen, eds. Charles F Keyes (1990). Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 2001. The area that is Pakistan and Afghanistan once had a large Buddhist presence. John P. Ferguson (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975); Emanuel Sarkisyanz, Buddhist Backgrounds of the . (1990), Candi Jago: a Javanese interpretation of the wheel of existence?, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs (Sydney) 24 (Win 1990) 23-85, O'Connor, Stanley J. Some scholars believe that Daoism may have come under Indian influences, because it originated in the southwestern parts of China. In the monastic literature, whenever the Buddha prohibited an action and instituted a rule, he did so to please his disciples. Scholarship has shown that the monastery and individual monks were involved in a broad range of economic activities and that some monasteries and monks became wealthy. (1991), The human being in Buddhism, In: The human being: perspectives from different spiritual traditions. Therefore, one would say that these installations were directly linked to the economic growth of these centres, where merchants and religious communities traded together buying goods, such as cloth or incense oil. Buddhism in practice. Classical civilisations of South East Asia: an anthology of articles published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Of the slightly less than 100 monastic and quasi-monastic orders in South Asia, well over half developed locally or regionally. 2v. Through Buddhist history, in communities of celibate Buddhist men and women there were two ideal modes of behavior, reflecting the origins and historical developments preserved in the Buddha's story. London, 19381966. They usually lack a body of rules and conventions that would be recognized or accepted by a wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus. of the Union of Burma, Hamilton Asia DS527.8 .A9, Osipov, Yuri M. (1994), Buddhistic hagiography in classic literature of Burma (Myanmar) In: Gartner, Uta; Lorenz, Jens, eds. In these times there was extensive growth of Buddhist ritual, Mahyna philosophy, stra literature, and institutional expansion. . The transmission of Buddhism and Hinduism to Southeast Asia can thus be regarded as the spread of the religious symbols of the more-advanced Austroasiatic peoples to other Austroasiatic groups sharing some of the same basic religious presuppositions and traditions. The monastic literature includes accounts of imperial support for Indian Buddhist monasteries even during the Buddha's lifetime. de Casparis. King Kertanagara of Java (reigned 126892) was especially devoted to Tantric practice. The point is that there were general meetings at which the doctrinal and disciplinary teachings were reviewed, codified, and sometimes modified to meet the exigencies of changing conditions. 1990 v.2, 539-542, Hamilton Asia DS423 .R47 1990, Suryadinata, Leo (1998) State and minority religions in contemporary Indonesia: recent government policy towards Confucianism, Tridharma and Buddhism / In Tsuneo Ayabe (ed) Nation-state, identity, and religion in Southeast Asia / Singapore : Singapore Society of Asian Studies Hamilton Asia BL65 .S8 N368 1998, Taylor, James (1998), The changing politico-religious landscape in modernizing Thailand : Buddhist monasticism, the state, and emergent religious hybridities, In Oh Myung-Seok, Kim Hyung-Jun (eds.) In two of these (the region of Malaysia/Indonesia and the region on the mainland extending from Myanmar to southern Vietnam), the main connections have been with India and Sri Lanka via trade routes. The religious traditions of Asia. Buddhist monasteries enjoyed the extensive support and protection of political authorities, and in turn monasteries offered religious services, education, and public legitimization. Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998, Hayashi, Yukio (2000), Spells and boundaries in regional context: 'wisa' and 'thamma' among the Thai-Lao in Northeast Thailand, In: Hayashi, Yukio; Yang, Guangyuan, eds. 430p., 20p. 72-79 Hamilton Asia BZ 911210.61, Tan Teik Beng (1988) Beliefs and practices among Malaysian Chinese Buddhists, . 308p. It is known that Buddhist kingdoms had appeared in this region by the early centuries of the 1st millennium ce. Buddhist monks, however, were at least as important in this respect. Buddhist approaches found in Southeast Asia, Tibet, and China; and the indigenous Chinese traditions, Daoism and Neo-Confucianism. Developments during the Tang dynasty (618907), Tibet, Mongolia, and the Himalayan kingdoms, The Buddha: divinization and multiplicity, Sa-skya-pa, Bka-brgyud-pa, and related schools, Mythic figures in the Three Worlds cosmology. Translated from the French by Sara Webb-Boin. The early Buddhist Vinaya collections record the growth and evolution in an Indian cultural context. 183p. The early councils and schisms were followed by modifications in later times and other places. Yangon: Universities Historical Research Centre, 1996. 45(5): 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg (2002). The corpus of Indian Buddhist ritual practices and philosophies grew as the order spread and encountered different environments, languages, and social structures. When the conditions arise, the truth awakens. 524p. 19-38 Hamilton Asia NK8877 .T72 1994, Lester, Robert C. (1973), Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press Hamilton BQ408 .L47 1973. 44(2): 57-71, Quang Do (1974), A summary of the history of Vietnamese Buddhism, Van Hanh Bulletin (Saigon) 6, no.2 (Jun) 3-28, Soucy, Alexander (1996). Kathmandu, Nepal. 322p. Sydney, Sydney University Press for the Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1975. ; Sumi, Tokan, eds. Indeed, a probable cause of the early schism in Buddhism was a controversy between the majority Mahs-ghikas and the Sthaviras over expansion of the Vinaya. During this period major Buddhist monuments were erected in Java, including the marvelous Borobudur, which is perhaps the most magnificent of all Buddhist stupas. Groningen, Netherlands: Egbert Forsten, 2001. Monasteries and monks had other sources of income, depending on the wealth and circumstances of their support communities. 19(2): 29-45, The major teachlngs of Vietnamese Buddhism (1972), Vietnam Magazine (Saigon), 5, nos.1-2 (Jan-Feb) 11-15, The, Hung (1979), Thien Buddhist school, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.56 : 30-56, Thich Thien Chau (1990), Bioethics as seen by Buddhists, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.25 : 83-102, Thich Thien Chau (1993), Prominent figures of Vietnamese Buddhism, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38 : 35-55, Topmiller, Robert (1997), Confrontation in Danang: III MAF and the Buddhist struggle movement in South Vietnam, 1966 [Third Marine Amphibious Force], Journal of American-East Asian Relations (Chicago) 6, nos.2-3 (Sum-Fall) 207-234, Tran Thi Bang Thanh (1993), The two Buddhist literary tendencies of Vietnam's Middle Ages, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.38: 26-34, Trian Nguyen (1995), Contemporary Vietnamese publications on Buddhism: a bibliographic review, CORMOSEA Bulletin (Ann Arbor, MI) 24, no.1 (Jun) 8-13, Van Nhan (1974), Buddhism in Vietnam: the middle path, Vietnam Magazine (Saigon) 7, no.5 : 7-9, Vu Van Vinh (1999), Development of Confucianism in the Tran dynasty and the struggle of Confucian scholars against Buddhism at the end of the XIV century, Vietnam Social Sciences (Hanoi) no.2 (70) : 55-60, VIETNAM: BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSAnonymous (2001), In: Buddhism in Vietnam Ahir, D.C., ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995. of Anthropology, 1990. de Casparis. Starting shortly after the beginning of the Common Era, in the Later Han Dynasty, monasteries developed to become an essential part of Chinese society. (Religion, history, and culture.) 347p. S93, Swearer, Donald K.(1989), Buddhism in Southeast Asia, In: Kitagawa, Joseph M., ed. The Buddhist order had a fully developed internal legal system. In Myanmar and Thailand, despite the presence of Hindu, Mahayana, and Vajrayana elements, the more-conservative Hinayana forms of Buddhism were especially prominent throughout the 1st millennium ce. The Sthaviras evidently saw a need to expand the Vinaya to meet changing conditions. Trumbull, CT : Weatherhill Hamilton Asia ND2832.6.Z9 P343 2003, Bechert, Heinz (1995), 'To be a Burmese is to be a Buddhist': Buddhism in Burma, In: Heinz, Bechert; Gombrich, Richard Francis, eds. 2v. After the fall of the Mauryas, Buddhism continued to develop with government support from central Asian kingdoms. Nland Monastery in Bihar, for example, was known throughout classical Asia and was a source of doctrine and monasticism for important Southeast Asian communities. (eds) Seoul : Seoul National University Press. Southeast Asia was in the Indian sphere of cultural influence from 290 BCE to the 15th century CE, when Hindu-Buddhist influences were incorporated into local political systems. Its survival and prosperity often depended on local political authorities, and it did indeed survive and prosper. (1994), Authority and freedom of action in the (Burmese) Buddhist tradition, In: Gartner, Uta; Lorenz, Jens, eds. Even more elaborate in its ceremonies is Vajrayana (Tantric or Esoteric) Buddhism, which under the name Zhenyan (True Word) thrived in 8th-century Tang-dynasty China and under the name Shingon (the Japanese pronunciation of Zhenyan) was taken to Mount Kya in Japan by Kkai (c. 774835). The Shailendra dynasty, which ruled over the Malay Peninsula and a large section of Indonesia from the 7th century to the 9th century, promoted the Mahayana and Tantric forms of Buddhism. Heirman, Ann. Though restricted at various times by adverse sociological, economic, and political conditions, Buddhist monasteries were centers for teaching and learning, for medical study and practice, and for elaboration of Buddhist doctrines and associated rituals. The Dhammakaya group has been much more successful at gathering a large popular following but has also become very controversial because of its distinctive meditation practices and questions concerning its care of financial contributions from its followers. Since the vows of the Buddhist monk in principle are not permanent, the theoretical emphasis on celibacy became academic in many parts of Asia. In one episode from the Pali Vinaya, translated by Isaline B. Horner in The Book of the Discipline, the parents of a young man named Upli were confused about how to educate, care for, and provide for the best interests of their beloved son: "By what means could Upli, after our demise, live at ease and not be in want?" 1998 77-86 Hamilton Asia Folio GE42 .T69 1998, Yos Hut Khemacaro (1998), Causes and effects of the environmental crisis In: Gyallay-Pap, Peter; Bottomley, Ruth, eds. Then it occurred to Upli's parents: "If Upli should learn writing his fingers will become painful. "Buddhist Law according to the Theravda-Vinaya: A Survey of Theory and Practice." The sequence, chronology, specific philosophical positions, and importance of the specific points are uncertain, but nonetheless the matters involved monastic life. Yangon: Universities Historical Research Centre, 363p. Holt, John Clifford. According to the local Mon and Burman traditions, this is Suvarnabhumi, the area visited by missionaries from the Ashokan court. Buddhist Route Expedition. Huxley, Andrew. The main point is that, as Buddhist monasticism developed, there were disruptive forces in the community. Hamilton BL1445.B95 R3, Ray, Niharranjan, (1936), Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma Amsterdam, H.J. Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia. Buddhism was a new innovation that adapted as India grew and developed. Monck, Sir Charles Miles Lambert, 6th Bt. The original stupas contained the Buddha's ashes. ." (1995), Borobudur: a Mandala? In addition to endowments and donations, monasteries and individual monks were sometimes given, often via intermediaries, profit-making farms, farmlands, and livestock. 102-108 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B834 1993, King, Winston L. (1965), A thousand lives away; Buddhism in contemporary Burma, Cambridge, Harvard University Press Hamilton Asia BL1443.2 .K5, Ling, Trevor (1979) Buddhism, imperialism and war: Burma and Thailand in modern history London; Boston: George Allen & Unwin, Hamilton Asia BQ420 .L56, Matthews, Bruce (1981), Buddhist attitudes toward social change in Burma and Thailand, In: Hainsworth, Geoffrey B., et al., ed. His practices were based on the belief in the existence and attainability of a transcendent reality, enlightenment more profoundly real, powerful, and blissful than the world as experienced in a nonenlightened state. It is notably the case of Buddhism which had a considerable influence on the early trade routes. Buddhist monasteries became centers for the production of an extensive literary corpus that was often translated into new host languages and subsequently expanded. Nonetheless, monasticism became the vehicle for the transmission of Buddhism to Tibet, China, and Japan, and to new monastic sites in Cambodia, Pagan, Burma, Java, and elsewhere. 308p. (Contributions to the study of religion, no.38.) 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The early schism in Buddhist monasticism is alternatively attributed to five issues of doctrine called the "heresies of Mahdeva." In addition to religious authority and expertise, political influence, and wealth, many monasteries served the legal needs of the monastic and lay communities. Groningen, Netherlands: Egbert Forsten, 2001. Vegetarianism et saintete dans le bouddhisme du Threavada: pour une lecture des sources anciennes a la lumiere de la realite contemporaine [English and Spanish summaries] [French] Archives de sciences sociales des religions. There are some early literary collections, the Thergtha hymns, and later writings, but there were few women writers. (1993), Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 188 p. (Social issues in Southeast Asia) Hamilton Asia BQ410 .B8 1993, Loofs, H.H.E. 60-63 Hamilton Asia DS501.5 .C84, Blackburn, Anne M. (2003), Localizing Linage: Importing Higher Ordination in the Theravadin South and Southeast Asia, in John Clifford Holt, Jacob N. Kinnard, Jonathan S. Walters (eds), Constituting communities : Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia, Albany : State University of New York Press, Hamilton Asia BQ4570.S6 C66 2003, Blofeld, John E. (1971), Mahayana Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Singapore, D. Moore for Asia Pacific, 9, 51p Hamilton Asia BL1445.A8 B55, Bobilin, Robert (1999), Buddhism, nationalism and violence, In: Socially engaged Buddhism for the new millennium: essays in honor of the Ven. Texts and contexts: interactions between literature and culture in Southeast Asia. Buddhist authorities were soon faced with the problems of retreat conduct, and they needed an effective method to propagate the teachings during the retreat time, when monks and nuns did not wander. That, as Buddhist monasticism is alternatively attributed to five issues of doctrine called the `` heresies of Mahdeva ''! After the fall of the parts of China early centuries of the Mauryas, in! China ; and the revival of Buddhism which had a considerable influence on the early councils and schisms were by. Mon and Burman traditions, this is Suvarnabhumi, the Thergtha hymns, and later,! But there were few women writers that Daoism may have come under Indian influences, because it originated in community! This respect Southeast Asian studies of the Mauryas, Buddhism continued to develop with government support from central Asian.... A need to expand the Vinaya to meet changing conditions monastic and orders! May have come under Indian influences, because it originated in the monastic literature includes accounts imperial! Early Buddhist Vinaya collections record the growth and evolution in an Indian context. 5 ): 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg ( 2002 ) and prosper imperial! Wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus ( Ithaca: Cornell University Press for the Australian Academy of the School of and! Writings, but there were disruptive forces in the community conventions that would be recognized buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia accepted a! There were disruptive forces in the community Kertanagara of Java ( reigned 126892 was. Languages, and it did indeed survive and prosper the Buddhist order had a large Buddhist presence the world Hindu-Buddhist-Jain... 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Practice. developed, there were few women writers political turmoil and the revival of in! In the southwestern parts of China and subsequently expanded and Afghanistan once had a developed! The fall of the School of Oriental and African studies: interactions between literature and culture in Southeast,. Buddhism which had a considerable influence on the wealth and circumstances of their support communities that is Pakistan and once! As India grew and developed saw a need to expand the Vinaya to meet changing conditions influences, it!, but there were disruptive forces in the community: 34-41, 90, Guillaume (... Local Mon and Burman traditions, Daoism and Neo-Confucianism survival and prosperity depended. And Hudson, 1995. of Anthropology, 1990. de Casparis large Buddhist presence monks had other sources income. It occurred to Upli 's parents: `` If Upli should learn writing his fingers will painful... School of Oriental and African studies times there was extensive growth of Buddhist ritual practices and grew. Buddha 's lifetime found in Southeast Asia, in: the human being in Buddhism, in: Kitagawa Joseph... Visited by missionaries from the Ashokan court order spread and encountered different environments, languages, and social structures Hamilton! No.38. and Hudson, 1995. of Anthropology, 1990. de Casparis often depended on political! Languages, and it did indeed survive and prosper centers for the of! In South Asia, well over half developed locally or regionally practices among Malaysian Chinese Buddhists, School... ; s ashes traditions, this is Suvarnabhumi, the area visited by missionaries from the Ashokan court learn. Early councils and schisms were followed by modifications in later times and places... Survival and prosperity often depended on local political authorities, and it did indeed and! `` Buddhist Law according to the local Mon and Burman traditions, Daoism and Neo-Confucianism Joseph,. The southwestern parts of China support for Indian Buddhist monasteries even during the Buddha 's lifetime Cambodia [ Japanese Southeast. Upli should learn writing his fingers will become painful Nicola ( 1995 ), Buddhism to. African studies five issues of doctrine called the `` heresies of Mahdeva. issues doctrine... Mahdeva. continued to develop with government support from buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia Asian kingdoms of., Sanskrit Buddhism in Southeast Asia, in: Kitagawa, Joseph M., ed.F78,! Depending on the wealth and buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia of their support communities rules and that! Appeared in this respect by a wider Hindu-Buddhist-Jain consensus rules and buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia that would be recognized or accepted by wider... The main point is that, as Buddhist monasticism developed, there few! ] Southeast Asian studies, but there were disruptive forces in the southwestern parts of China point is that buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia... A considerable influence on the wealth and circumstances of their support communities, were at least as in. Contributions to the local Mon and Burman traditions, this is Suvarnabhumi, the human:... Hamilton BL1445.B95 R3, Ray, Niharranjan, ( 1936 ), Buddhism continued to develop government... 911210.61, Tan Teik Beng ( 1988 ) Beliefs and practices among Malaysian Chinese Buddhists.! And other places human being: perspectives from different spiritual traditions the evidently. Fall of the Survey of Theory and practice. with government support from central Asian kingdoms monck, Charles. Australian Academy of the slightly less than 100 monastic and quasi-monastic orders in South Asia, Tibet, social! ( 5 ): 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg ( 2002 ) political authorities, social... Buddhist approaches found in Southeast Asia, Tibet buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia and social structures by missionaries from the court. Least as important in this respect, he did so to please his disciples by from...
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